Is government spending in the education and health sector necessary for human capital development?

Abstract This study intends to examine the impact of current health expenditure, domestic government education social protection, population growth, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on human capital formation in context Pakistan. utilized skill measure capital. The annual data for period 1990–2020 has been extracted from World Development Indicators (WDI) Bank. auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test long-run co-integration among defined variables. Furthermore, employed ARDL Model obtain short-run empirical estimates modeled results this indicated that expenditure (CHE), (DGHE), expenditures (GEE), (FDI), protection program (SP) have a positive significant association with term primary, secondary, tertiary attainment life expectancy at birth. Moreover, spending education, significantly decreases child mortality found growth negative primary attainment. findings suggest Government Pakistan should allocate more its budget health, programs uplift